If you are thinking of being your own boss, you want to change jobs and create new sources of income, these business ideas that you will find in this guide will be very useful for you.
Before I share these business ideas with you , I would like to clarify the following: while the idea is important in a venture (and there are million-dollar ideas), I believe that the most important thing is the execution .
It's no use having great entrepreneurial ideas if you don't do anything about them. It is useless for you to want to undertake that dream that you have in your mind, if you do not have the courage to go out and make what you have been planning for so long come true.
Booming business ideas to start
Here you find this list of business ideas as a source of inspiration and information, with which you can find, define and combine your own business idea.
Once you are clear about your path, I invite you to read the guide on how to start a business , where I explain the factors that you must take into account when starting your business.
The objective of this article is to offer a list of up-to-date business ideas that you can develop from home, with little capital or with the resources you have.
If you were one of those who said that you wanted to undertake but you lacked that great business idea, this article completely eliminates this excuse, because here you will find a wide variety of options to develop.
Additionally, over time we will update and add new entrepreneurial ideas, so that this guide becomes a useful tool for finding new profitable businesses to develop.
Before showing you this list of ideas, I would like to mention that here you will find a brief description of the business, since each one will depend a lot on the approach you want to give it, in addition to your particular situation.
In the same way, in some options we offer articles that complement the business opportunity to a greater extent so that you can delve into the business idea that interested you.
Internet business ideas
1. Create a niche website
The creation and positioning of a blog will be a definitive tool to create income in various ways. It basically constitutes a content marketing strategy aimed at monetization through valuable content.
Some of the most popular blogs today are those dedicated to budget travel, work productivity, and even personal finance blogs . However, this does not mean that the topic that interests you so much cannot be monetized.
How to start? The first thing you need is to configure your hosting, for this you can use the services of Hostinger , with which, in just a few steps, you configure your blog in a matter of minutes.
As for monetization, there are different alternatives; among them you have Adsense (Google's advertising network), private advertisers or own products or services offered (books, advice, etc.).
2. Affiliate Marketing
Within the first options of this list of business ideas, we have affiliate marketing, which can become a recurring passive income .
This model consists of creating a web page (or from your social networks), which will serve to recommend certain products through affiliate links.
What these links do is that, once they are clicked, the user will be redirected to the sales website, and if they buy, a commission will be generated.
Among the most prominent affiliate programs or platforms are Shareasale, Awin, Maxbonty or one of the largest, the Amazon affiliate program .
3. Paid surveys
Beyond being a business idea, answering surveys is a practical way to earn money online .
This model consists of giving an opinion on brands, products, events, among others. The more you complete, the greater the redeemable points earned or money earned.
To start working on the surveys, I am going to share with you a series of non-exclusive platforms, that is, you can subscribe to all of them and increase your chances of earning money.
The most important thing is that you subscribe in your country of residence, that you are honest and fill out your first survey, otherwise the page will not work for you.
In the same way here I leave you a guide on how to earn money with paid surveys .
4. Create an online store
E-commerce is everywhere, and without a doubt, it is one of the trending business ideas due to the pandemic.
If you want to start generating income with this model, you must learn to create an online store .
These stores work without prior knowledge, and include payment gateways such as credit cards. So the technical part is not the complex part.
In addition, there are many platforms that advise and support the creation of this type of store. To start, I recommend Shopify , for its ease of use and how robust its service is.
Sell on eBay and Mercado Libre:
You can also take advantage of the size of websites like eBay and MercadoLibre, which offer you a fairly large market of potential customers.
It is no secret that the competition in terms of supply is quite high on these sites, so you have to guarantee good customer service, quality products, and other benefits that differentiate you from the competition.
5. Sell through dropshipping
Dropshipping tries to offer products from wholesalers or manufacturers and have them in our personal store. The profit margins are large according to the administration and the prices placed on the products.
The advantage of this online business idea is that you don't have to worry about inventories or dispatches, you only have to take care of advertising, generate sales on your site, and the wholesaler takes care of dispatching.
SaleHoo:
SaleHoo is one of the most popular dropshipping providers on the planet, so much so that most online resellers use it to buy products in bulk.
There you can get products at retail prices that will generate more than double the profit when you sell them on your own website.
Link: Sign up for SaleHoo
6. Publish a digital book
Previously, publishing a book was something complex. However, today this can become an interesting business idea and source of income.
Thanks to digital books and platforms like Amazon's KDP , self-publishing a digital book is easy, and best of all, you have access to a global community where you can offer your content.
It should be clarified that Amazon is not the only place where you can sell your digital book. For example, at Undertaking Stories we directly sell our Rich Mind ebook , a digital book with the 50 best tips to improve your finances.
7. Writing content business
The need to have a greater digital presence has made companies invest in content for their websites and blogs.
These types of business ideas are born from a greater demand for written content that manages to position itself in Google, and therefore, result in higher sales in its digital channel.
This new reality has made copywriters in high demand and people want to learn how to make money writing .
If you want to explore this business idea, you can start by signing up for platforms like iWriter, LowPost or offering your services directly to companies that are just starting out with their digital presence.
8. Offer online services
Online services represent one of the best business ideas today; They represent a great opportunity to earn money from home offering your services remotely.
As for its diversity, you have many options, since among the services offered you will find everything from text translations to photo editions, creation of marketing plans and virtual assistance .
To start building your business you can register on popular freelancer platforms such as Fiverr , Upwork and Freelancer.
9. Content translation
If you master several languages, you can take advantage of this skill and turn it into a business idea by translating content.
As I mentioned in the written content, the need for companies and people to have a digital presence has meant that different texts, videos or audios need to be translated.
The quality and tone of communication that the client is looking for with this content is key to prospering in this business, because with tools such as Google's translator, artificial intelligence is making great strides.
To develop this work online you can subscribe to platforms such as Fiverr , Gengo and Tomedes.
10. Set up an online franchise
Franchises represent an excellent business idea for those who want to start a business with an already positioned brand.
The offer of franchises online can generate very interesting income, and the reality is that they are not very different from physical options. To start you must pay an investment amount and follow all its guidelines.
Within the offers of cheap and profitable franchises online there are dropshipping stores, or real estate and travel agencies.
It is important to search for and select options that can be marketed in your country and that the product and service is of interest to your target audience.
It may interest you: 10 profitable and positioned online franchises in Latin America
11. Create a channel on Youtube
I am not going to tell you lies, standing out on YouTube and becoming an audiovisual content producer, with a number of respectable followers, is complex.
However, it is not impossible, and there are successful entrepreneurs who earn high incomes through their videos on YouTube.
The monetization of a YouTube channel can occur through different sources; For example, you can offer personalized merchandising (t-shirts or caps), advertising through Google Adsense, and even accept donations or upload exclusive videos through Patreon .
12. Create a podcast
Podcasts are becoming one of the fastest growing and most popular content business ideas in different languages and countries.
This format has been growing thanks to the format; interviews, stories and quality content, through easily accessible platforms such as Spotify, iVoox, Soundcloud or iTunes.
If you are interested in this content format, in this guide I will explain how to create a podcast step by step , so that you can explore for yourself all the opportunities you have within this business model.
To generate income with this type of business ideas, you have the possibility of offering sponsored or paid content and advertising in the middle of the episodes.
13. Sell online courses
Online education is another business idea that has been growing thanks to the democratization of knowledge.
Such has been the growth of this learning format that universities such as Harvard have created more than 200 free courses to study at home .
Additionally, platforms such as Coursera and edX, among others, have allowed large universities to offer their courses worldwide.
If you master a specific topic, you can create a course and sell it on platforms like Udemy or Hotmart, which charge you a commission for publishing and selling your content.
These platforms are visited by those who want to learn about a specific topic. So it is important to create valuable content that provides knowledge to students who decide to invest in your courses.
14. Sell your creations on marketplaces
The internet has created very interesting business opportunities , such as eliminating intermediaries in the sale of your products and services, as well as opening the doors to the global market through a website.
If you are good at taking pictures, artist, musician, craftsman or any other work, you can sell your creations through platforms that work as marketplaces.
Depending on your art there are different platforms; for example Shutterstock or Fotolia for photographs; Airbit or AudioJungle for music; and Etsy for crafts.
In the same way, you can also combine business ideas and create an online store where you can sell your own creations online and thus eliminate intermediaries such as the previous platforms that keep a percentage of your sales.
15. Teach languages virtually
This is perhaps one of the home businesses that have grown during the quarantine. Since people have limited their trips abroad, and due to public health issues, studying in person is somewhat complex.
So teaching languages to other people from your home, via the Internet, to students all over the world turns out to be a very attractive business idea.
While you don't have to be a professional, having good preparation and a proven teaching method will make it easier for you to recruit new students.
To get started, you can sign up for platforms like Verbling and Itaki , where you can teach classes and offer your services online. Like other business ideas, you can create your own platform where you can directly offer your services as a virtual teacher.
16.Outsourcing
Outsourcing could be another source of income to consider. And it is that most Internet service providers need external help at some point.
This happens with written content, translation services, video creation, and others, which have become a necessity for digital companies.
For example, Copify companies outsource and you can earn that contract by offering specific services such as logo design, content creation, or whatever your skill is.
17. Create and sell applications
Both web applications and mobile applications have become potential gold mines.
In fact, the key is to find a need or opportunity that can be solved through an online service and charge for that solution.
To venture into this business idea, you not only need to have knowledge in web programming, but also to develop commercial skills that allow you to identify opportunities, needs or problems to solve.
You should also take into account the level of competition and offer that this online business has; There are many options for users to choose from and differentiating yourself is a challenge.
18. Website Design
Building a website requires programming knowledge, so if you have this, you can earn good money doing this kind of work and even start a profitable business based on your knowledge.
If you are interested in developing this knowledge, you can take web programming courses , or sign up for platforms like Code Adademy that teach you for free, and from scratch, how to program.
As for the offer of your services, you can register on platforms such as Fiverr or Upwork, you can also offer your services directly to companies or individuals.
19. Creation of teaching resources
As you have seen throughout these business ideas, learning is one of the areas with the greatest digital transformation.
From online courses, digital books and language teaching, companies have leveraged new technologies to communicate, teach and train their employees.
So, the creation of digital teaching resources that are adapted to the training needs of companies can be a very interesting job from home .
Among the advantages found in this type of digital resources is that they can be customized and keep track of progress by users.
20. Inbound Marketing Service
Inbound Marketing consists of providing support and assistance to a website, so that it can be found more easily online through search engines.
If you have knowledge in customer management (CRM), creation of content adapted to the web, mass sending of emails (Email marketing) and data analysis, you can offer your services to companies interested in achieving digital positioning.
To offer this service you can specialize in the use of tools, such as Hubspot , a complete marketing, sales and customer service software.
Recommended books:
21. Social Media Management
A online business requires a presence on social networks, not only to communicate its latest news, but also to promote its products and have a space to interact with its customers.
However, due to the time required to manage it, companies often look for people who are exclusively dedicated to managing this channel. That's where a business opportunity arises.
If you want to start, you can get certified in the management of social networks and take related online courses that allow you to understand the dynamics and operation of each of the networks.
22. Offer telemarketing
The outsourcing of marketing efforts creates a space for those seeking make money online. Basically this business consists of creating a marketing operation service from home.
To start you can do it yourself, however, you can also create the business to offer it to companies and you collect a commission. As for the payment, it is made by hours you work and by the complexity of the actions carried out.
To understand this business a little more, here I explain how to earn money as a virtual assistant .
23. Online reputation management
Without a doubt, the digital footprint of a company represents a differentiating and key element when establishing a relationship with a new client. In fact, the purchase of a product or service online is highly dependent on customer reviews, so a positive image needs to be created.
The business idea in this case falls on online reputation management consultants. Where the person can help by advising on what is best for this purpose.
You may work to remove pages with negative search engine results or contact dissatisfied customers as part of this assignment.
24. Webinars
Congresses represent a very attractive business model for both their creators and participants. And while creating a face-to-face congress is quite expensive due to its coordination and planning, there are much more profitable alternatives to explore.
Due to the pandemic, restrictions on travel and massive face-to-face events, congresses have been migrating to a digital scenario.
And that is where you have a great opportunity, because you can create online conferences, with the same learning potential and with the comfort for your users who do not have to leave their homes.
The most important activity that you must carry out is its promotion, as well as obtaining speakers, as these represent a great showcase for your event.
25. Cybersecurity services
As people's digital presence grows, so do the possibilities of information theft, account hacking, viruses and digital threats.
If you know about this topic, or are interested, you can train and offer consulting services to companies and people who are looking to protect their transactions, customers, sales and processes on their web portals.
26. WordPress Theme Builder
More and more people are starting businesses on the Internet and testing their business ideas with success.
Within this niche, those entrepreneurs who decide to develop their own blogs or ecommerces, instead of contracting this service to a third party, also stand out.
This is because they have endless tools available to perform these tasks on their own, even without having any knowledge or experience in this regard.
For example, there are people who build their own websites without resorting to specialists, since the software or programs that exist on the market offer them extremely useful tools.
Many turn to WordPress to manage their blogs, and in fact, this content management system is one of the most advanced out there.
The fact that it has such an extensive bank of templates makes all the work easier for content creators.
And right there you are presented with a great opportunity to generate income as a WordPress theme developer.
You can sell them through specialized sites and generate passive income that will help you improve your finances safely and gradually.
27. Video game developer
The video game industry could generate profits of more than $138 billion dollars during this 2022.
Some experts consider that this possible growth of the market is tied to confinement, and to the hours that families are spending at home as a result of the pandemic.
In other words, this could be your best year to improve your finances . as a video game developer.
So if you have knowledge about it, you have an excellent business opportunity in front of you, since this industry is a true gold mine.
28. Medical App Developer
Medical app development is also generating significant revenue today.
These differ from fitness or fitness apps, as they focus on other important indicators that are associated with rest, quality of sleep, peace of mind, anxiety, etc.
More and more people are interested in monitoring these types of factors consciously and consistently, especially if they are experiencing periods of stress or important changes in their lives.
So, if you know how to develop apps, you could focus on this niche and take great advantage of this business opportunity.
However, do not forget to research the market before getting down to work so that you can create an app that really stands out from those that already exist.
Otherwise, you could face many problems when it comes to capturing leads, or incentivizing downloads of your mobile application.
29. Develop platforms to convert assets into tokens
The "tokenization" of assets has been strongly imposed in many segments of the modern market, thanks to the advances caused by the blockchain.
It consists of a process capable of converting real assets, such as a car, a work of art, a house, etc., into a completely digital asset.
This involves converting the property rights of said asset into a digital token, and all this happens through platforms specially designed for this.
These blockchain development projects generate millionaire results in different sectors, such as real estate , and therefore, they have emerged as an excellent business opportunity for this new year.
If you are interested in this topic, or if you have mastered it perfectly, consider working as a developer of platforms that convert conventional assets into tokens and get ready to boost your finances like never before.
30. Online training via Whatsapp
Beyond being a global communication channel, this kind of social network that you belong to offers you very interesting business ideas to monetize.
For example, you can sell courses, training or content for work teams or companies through WhatsApp.
The key is to offer specialized content that adds value and helps these teams to obtain specific results. Thanks to the Whatsapp Business platform and its tools, you can automate and share relevant content automatically.
The list of options to generate income by monetizing your passion through content is quite varied thanks to platforms like WhatsApp.
Business ideas from the educational sector:
31. Sell school supplies
Going back to school always fuels excellent business ideas, and now that most Latin American countries have reactivated their educational systems and periods, you can get down to business to earn money selling school supplies.
You can sell all kinds of items: pencils, colors, stationery, notebooks, books, rulers, scissors, bags, lunch boxes and much more.
All these implements are easily sold during the return to school, regardless of whether the classes are face-to-face or virtual.
You can make physical sales, in the garage of your own home, or through your social networks, and start earning fast money this school season.
32. Make and sell uniforms
It doesn't matter if the classes are online, there are still hundreds of colleges or schools that require students to wear their uniforms when connecting to their virtual lessons.
With this we want to tell you that you do not feel inhibited or intimidated by the pandemic, since you still have ways to invent and generate income if you take advantage of your intelligence and creativity.
Making and selling uniforms is one of the best business ideas you can have, both today and in five years, because it just doesn't go out of style; remember that children always need to wear uniforms at school age.
33. Manufacture and sell school furniture
Manufacturing and selling desks, tables, chairs, armchairs or desks is also a profitable business.
In addition, your final client is no longer the college, the school or the university, but also all those parents who are dealing with the so-called “ homeschooling”, and who therefore wish to set some spaces in their house so that their children study with greater comfort.
If you make sure to design modern, practical and functional pieces that make life easier for parents, and for the children themselves who will have to spend long hours studying at home, you will have many possibilities to expand your business quickly and effectively.
34. Offer directed tasks
Directed tasks are one of the most demanded services today at an educational level. So much so that parents and students themselves benefit from them in broad strokes.
If you dare to execute these business ideas, you must help the children to complete their academic activities on a regular basis.
Reviewing readings, completing accounts, or supporting them in their school projects, will be just some of your obligations as a directed homework assistant.
All you need is a bit of pedagogy to make the work enjoyable and satisfying for both parties.
35. Develop educational platforms
Didactic learning platforms will continue to proliferate in the immediate future and on a global scale.
Educational games, driving practices in simulators, guided meditations , and in short, any initiative that encourages the interrelation between several people, is having an impressive success.
Therefore, businesses that seek to satisfy this need are becoming very popular, and therefore, they are very good business ideas.
36. Offer advice on Forex and crypto assets
The environment of cryptocurrencies and the Forex market has also strengthened in recent months, and this has aroused the interest of many people around the world.
If you have knowledge or expertise in this area, or if you know how to invest in crypto assets responsibly and professionally, don't think twice and start offering your advisory services.
This is one of the best business ideas that you can carry out in 2022, taking into account the current volatility of other financial products that people traditionally invest in.
Captivate those people who are interested in investing in cryptocurrencies through the online stock market and help them understand how everything works so they can make the best investment decisions.
Business ideas for the gastronomic sector
37. Teach cooking classes or courses
More and more people are willing to learn how to cook delicious and easy dishes in the comfort of their home.
Especially at this time when confinement has forced them to spend more time at home than usual.
Carry out a small market study so that you know the interests of your potential audience, and based on that you can develop virtual or face-to-face courses and classes that really have added value.
Keep in mind that vegan, organic, gluten and dairy free foods have become a real gold mine today; so you should include them in your list of gastronomic business ideas without hesitation.
38. Deliver specialized food
The number of gastronomic niches that are currently being discovered is impressive. From housewives making an infinity of confectionery products, to grannies baking their ancestral cakes.
Take advantage of this boom in specialized culinary ventures to carry out home delivery services in your own place of residence, or in nearby locations to which you have quick access.
39. Start a themed restaurant
Theme restaurants are one of the newest business ideas 2020, especially because of Covid-19.
People are just itching to get back to their routines, and as lockdowns have eased in several countries, the number of themed restaurants has skyrocketed.
You can focus on movies, series, sports such as football or basketball, and even on a particular region or location, to arouse the interest and curiosity of your guests.
Keep in mind to comply with and respect all health regulations to keep your business afloat.
40. Food sales under virtual orders
The "new normal" has allowed thousands of people to return to their offices worldwide. But the fear of returning to all pre-pandemic routines persists, such as having lunch in a restaurant near the workplace.
And believe it or not, this condition has also generated new business ideas, such as preparing healthy homemade office lunches.
All you have to do is take virtual orders, -considering that this practice has been deeply individualized during this year-, and finally make their respective deliveries in those areas or business districts that have already been reactivated.
41. Provide supplies to restaurants
It is undeniable that many restaurants have reopened their doors in countries like the United States or Spain, and even in some Latin American latitudes.
However, the reduction in personnel was imposed as a new protection measure against Covid-19, which has forced medium and large restaurant chains to subcontract their gastronomic supply supply service.
In other words, they are totally willing to pay a third party to chop, cut, chop or prepare certain foods, which makes this job easier for them to unsuspected levels.
Your orders will consist of preparing these foods at home, or in your own production center (if you have one), and then distribute them in your allied restaurants.
Sports sector business ideas
42. Work as a personal trainer
If you are a true advocate of healthy habits and also have experience as a yoga, pilates, boxing, TRX trainer, or even a gym trainer, you should seriously think about monetizing your passion.
All this time at home has encouraged millions of people to change their bad eating habits, and even put aside a sedentary lifestyle.
This is your ideal opportunity to generate money doing something you are passionate about, while helping others improve their quality of life.
You can do home workouts if you live in a country where this is currently allowed due to the pandemic, or you can record your classes, practices and lessons and promote and sell them virtually.
43. Psychological advice to athletes
It does not matter that you do not have a specialization in Sports Psychology. You can carry out this type of business ideas just by bringing together a team of professionals who are trained to advise athletes satisfactorily.
Your contribution will consist of assembling the work staff to offer this service to those clients who do not have an internal psychology team, especially if their careers are just taking off.
You can serve individual athletes, parents of young athletes, coaches, and even elite athletes, if you make sure to set up this business correctly.
It may interest you: 20 Recommended motivational books for difficult times
44. Provide nutritional advice
Offering nutritional and sports advice is another of the great business ideas that you can execute if you are linked to the branch of sports or nutrition.
The demand for this service usually goes hand in hand with other complementary businesses, such as personalized training, healthy gastronomy ventures and more.
And even if you don't have experience, you can also get down to work, but for this you must partner with professionals in the area who are capable of offering each client a personalized and comprehensive plan, in order to guarantee quality and professionalism.
45. Sports Marketing Agency
Agencies specializing in a niche market continue to grow like wildfire, especially in the Latin American region.
In fact, one of the most popular and profitable models caters to sports marketing agencies.
Take advantage of the fact that there is little supply of this type of agency in the market to satisfy this great demand that does not stop growing in the sports field.
Your duties will include developing communication campaigns for products and services linked to the world of sports, devising promotional campaigns, designing marketing plans for sports companies, and more.
46. Develop healthy apps
The development of healthy applications has been on the trend for years, and not only because of the imminent growth of the market, but also because of its high level of profitability.
This type of mobile apps are one of the most consumed, both by iOS and Android users; and that is why it is not surprising that they continue to proliferate over the years.
You can develop from apps that count calories, to those that allow you to calculate the macronutrients of a specific diet.
And best of all, there are already tools that will allow you to create an app from scratch (without having programming knowledge ).
Official figures from Statista predict that global earnings linked to app development by 2023 will exceed $935 billion dollars, which highlights the great attractiveness of this business.
Other business ideas to undertake in trend
47. Home health services
This is another of the best business ideas that you can run right now, as many people avoid leaving home to protect themselves during this pandemic, but still need regular medical checkups or tests.
Offering the home sampling service will allow you to generate recurring and significant income, given the number of people interested in this.
And if you make sure to include tests for the virus that sparked a global pandemic in 2020, you would probably increase your customer base at an incredible rate.
You just have to make sure you have a specialized staff so that the service is effective and professional. If you do not have the knowledge or degree to support this, you can partner with medical personnel who can offer this service.
48. Space cleaning and disinfection services
As a result of the pandemic, businesses that specialize in cleaning and disinfecting domestic, hospital, clinical, industrial or commercial spaces have proliferated.
This is one of the most current and lucrative business ideas that you can take advantage of to earn good money.
It requires a minimal investment in suits, chemicals and equipment, but given the high demand for these services, you will be able to recover your investment almost immediately.
Currently, these services are requested to disinfect houses, buildings, sheds or offices, in order to ensure that these spaces are free of the virus.
49. Grow medical marijuana
The cultivation of medical marijuana has become very popular in recent months in those states where it is legal.
If you live in a country that offers you this possibility and you do not run legal risks, you should take advantage of it as soon as possible because its profit margin is quite attractive.
Cannabis-based medicinal products are selling like hotcakes right now, calming anxiety, relieving chronic pain, and promoting a general state of calm and well-being.
Without a doubt, this is one of the most profitable businesses of 2021, since it is linked to a market niche that generates trillions of dollars in profits on an annualized basis.
50. Agencies specialized in luxury tourism
The “new normal” that the entire world is facing has also boosted the provision of luxury tourism services.
In fact, some industry experts agree that businesses linked to this profitable and premium market niche will generate surprising profits and returns.
This is because certain travelers or tourists are willing to pay large sums of money in exchange for access to luxurious, select and exclusive tourist services.
They will demand travel, lodging and transfer packages that reduce contact with other passengers or guests, and this will mean higher costs.
Consequently, if you have experience in the hotel or tourism sector, consider offering this new type of service to those clients who demand greater exclusivity and privacy when traveling.
Business ideas to start
As you could see throughout this list of business ideas, here you have very good opportunities to undertake in 2022.
As I mentioned at the beginning of this article, you may mix ideas or new ones arise from what you can apply in your country.
The most important thing is to start and try those business ideas that most attract your attention. As you evaluate, you will be able to invest money and resources to grow this business.
Continue reading: 20 Secrets to creating successful businesses from scratch